Data Types, Structures and Wrangling
R Foundations 2025
Ella Kaye, Department of Statistics
October 17, 2025
Overview
Data types
Data structures
Data import and wrangling
Assigning in R
The assignment operator in R is <-
We can create objects in R and assign them names:
Then we can inspect the objects we have created:
And use them further:
Naming objects
Object names cannot:
start with a number
contain certain characters like
,-?contain a space (unless in
``, but that is not best practice)
- meaningful yet concise
day_one
day_1- consistent
i_use_snake_case
other.people.use.periods
evenOthersUseCamelCaseThe tidyverse has popularised the use of snake_case. Camel case is a better option for screen readers. The use of periods is discouraged because periods have other uses in R.
- not meaningful
foo
bar- unnecessarily long or difficult to read
first_day_of_month
dayone- inconsistent
RStudio demo
Assigning and environment pane.
There is an RStudio shortcut for <- which also puts spaces around it:
Alt/⌥ + -
Data types and structures
Basic data types in R
character:
"a","hello, world!"double:
3,3.14,piinteger:
3L(theLtells R to store this as an interger)logical:
TRUEandFALSEcomplex:
3+2i. N.B. need to write1ifor \(\sqrt(-1)\).raw: holds raw bytes (rarely used)
N.B. double and integer types are both numeric
Special values
NA: The valueNAis given to any data which R knows to be missing. It is not a character string, i.e. it is different to"NA"Inf: Positive infinity, e.g. the result of dividing a non-zero number by zeroNaN: Not a number, e.g. attempting to find the logarithm of a negative numberNULL: The null object. Often returned by expressions and functions whose value is undefined
Data structures
Data structures are the building blocks of R code.
In R, the main types of structures are
vectors
factors
matrices and arrays
lists
data frames
Focus today on vectors, factors and data frames.
Vectors
A single number is a special case of a numeric vector. Vectors of length greater than one can be created using the combine function, c.
The elements of the vector must be of the same type: common types are numeric, character and logical.
There are built-in functions for getting information about vectors, e.g.
Creating vectors
There are some useful shortcuts for certain types of vector:
[1] 1 2 3 4 5[1] 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 [1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S"
[20] "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"What do you think letters returns?
Subsetting vectors
We subset vectors using []:
- By position, starting at 1
- By logical vector
Your turn!
In your R-Foundations project from last session, create and save a new script called data-types.R
Look at the help page for the
rep()function:?repStarting with the vector
x <- c(1,3,6), can you make the following patterns:- 1, 3, 6, 1, 3, 6
- 1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6
- 1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6, 1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6
What does
rep(x, 2, 2)give? Is it what you expected? Can you explain the output?
Factors
Factors are used to represent categorical data. They can be ordered or unordered.
Factors are stored as integers, and have labels associated with these unique integers. While factors usually look (and often behave) like character vectors, they are actually integers under the hood, and you need to be careful when treating them like strings.
Factors
Once created, factors can only contain a pre-defined set values, known as levels. By default, R always sorts levels in alphabetical order. For instance, if you have a factor with 2 levels:
[1] apple apple pear
Levels: apple pear Factor w/ 2 levels "apple","pear": 1 1 2The forcats package from the tidyverse has many functions for dealing with factors.
Data frames
Data sets are stored in R as data frames
These are structured as a list of objects, typically vectors, of the same length.
'data.frame': 344 obs. of 8 variables:
$ species : Factor w/ 3 levels "Adelie","Chinstrap",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ island : Factor w/ 3 levels "Biscoe","Dream",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
$ bill_len : num 39.1 39.5 40.3 NA 36.7 39.3 38.9 39.2 34.1 42 ...
$ bill_dep : num 18.7 17.4 18 NA 19.3 20.6 17.8 19.6 18.1 20.2 ...
$ flipper_len: int 181 186 195 NA 193 190 181 195 193 190 ...
$ body_mass : int 3750 3800 3250 NA 3450 3650 3625 4675 3475 4250 ...
$ sex : Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 1 1 NA 1 2 1 2 NA NA ...
$ year : int 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 ...Creating data frames
Spot the differences!
tibbles
From the tibble page:
A tibble, or
tbl_df, is a modern reimagining of the data.frame, keeping what time has proven to be effective, and throwing out what is not. Tibbles are data.frames that are lazy and surly: they do less (i.e. they don’t change variable names or types, and don’t do partial matching) and complain more (e.g. when a variable does not exist). This forces you to confront problems earlier, typically leading to cleaner, more expressive code. Tibbles also have an enhanced print() method which makes them easier to use with large datasets containing complex objects.
Import dataset (button)
Using the Import Dataset dialog in RStudio
we can import files stored locally or online in the following formats:
.txt/.csvviaread_delim/read_csvfrom readr..xlsxviaread_excelfrom readxl..sav/.por,.sas7bdatand.dtaviaread_spss,read_sasandread_statarespectively from haven.
Most of these functions also allow files to be compressed, e.g. as .zip.
File names and paths and project structure
It’s REALLY important to have good file names and paths, and a good project structure.
I leave you in the extremely capable hand of Danielle Navarro to take you thoroughly through best practices:
https://djnavarro.net/slides-project-structure/#1
I also HIGHLY recommend you check out the here package, which enables easy file referencing in project-oriented workflows.
Import data (code)
The rio package provides a common interface to the functions used by Import Dataset as well as many others.
The data format is automatically recognised from the file extension. To read the data in as a tibble, we use the setclass argument.
See ?rio for the underlying functions used for each format and the corresponding optional arguments, e.g. the skip argument to read_excel to skip a certain number of rows.
Import data demo
Show both button (in Environment and from the file itself) and code
From file
data/penguins_lter.csv
From URL
Your turn!
Data wrangling
dplyr
The dplyr package (part of the tidyverse) provides the following key functions to operate on data frames:
filter()arrange()select()mutate()summarise()
They all take a data frame as their first argument. The subsequent arguments describe what to do with the data frame. The result is a new data frame.
Load packages
filter(): pick rows based on values of observations.
species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year
1 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 16.3 230 5700 male 2007
2 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.2 218 5700 male 2007
3 Gentoo Biscoe 49.0 16.1 216 5550 male 2007
4 Gentoo Biscoe 49.3 15.7 217 5850 male 2007
5 Gentoo Biscoe 49.2 15.2 221 6300 male 2007
6 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.1 222 5350 male 2007
7 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.3 220 5550 male 2007
8 Gentoo Biscoe 59.6 17.0 230 6050 male 2007
9 Gentoo Biscoe 48.4 16.3 220 5400 male 2008
10 Gentoo Biscoe 48.7 15.7 208 5350 male 2008
11 Gentoo Biscoe 49.6 16.0 225 5700 male 2008
12 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 222 5550 male 2008
13 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.9 225 5400 male 2008
14 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.3 224 5550 male 2008
15 Gentoo Biscoe 54.3 15.7 231 5650 male 2008
16 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 16.8 230 5700 male 2008
17 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.2 229 5800 male 2008
18 Gentoo Biscoe 48.2 15.6 221 5100 male 2008
19 Gentoo Biscoe 48.6 16.0 230 5800 male 2008
20 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.3 220 6000 male 2008
21 Gentoo Biscoe 52.5 15.6 221 5450 male 2009
22 Gentoo Biscoe 50.0 15.9 224 5350 male 2009
23 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 17.3 228 5600 male 2009
24 Gentoo Biscoe 52.1 17.0 230 5550 male 2009
25 Gentoo Biscoe 52.2 17.1 228 5400 male 2009
26 Gentoo Biscoe 49.5 16.1 224 5650 male 2009
27 Gentoo Biscoe 50.8 15.7 226 5200 male 2009
28 Gentoo Biscoe 49.4 15.8 216 4925 male 2009
29 Gentoo Biscoe 51.1 16.5 225 5250 male 2009
30 Gentoo Biscoe 55.9 17.0 228 5600 male 2009
31 Gentoo Biscoe 53.4 15.8 219 5500 male 2009
32 Gentoo Biscoe 48.1 15.1 209 5500 male 2009
33 Gentoo Biscoe 50.5 15.2 216 5000 female 2009
34 Gentoo Biscoe 49.8 15.9 229 5950 male 2009
35 Gentoo Biscoe 51.5 16.3 230 5500 male 2009
36 Gentoo Biscoe 55.1 16.0 230 5850 male 2009
37 Gentoo Biscoe 48.8 16.2 222 6000 male 2009
38 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 15.7 222 5750 male 2009
39 Gentoo Biscoe 49.9 16.1 213 5400 male 2009variable names are unquoted
building blocks of conditions:
| Building block | R code |
|---|---|
| Binary comparisons | >, <, ==, <=, >=, != |
| Logical operators | or |, and &, not ! |
| Value matching | e.g. x %in% 6:9 |
| Missing indicator | e.g. is.na(x) |
select(): select variables (columns) in a dataset
bill_len bill_dep
1 39.1 18.7
2 39.5 17.4
3 40.3 18.0
4 NA NA
5 36.7 19.3
6 39.3 20.6
7 38.9 17.8
8 39.2 19.6
9 34.1 18.1
10 42.0 20.2
11 37.8 17.1
12 37.8 17.3
13 41.1 17.6
14 38.6 21.2
15 34.6 21.1
16 36.6 17.8
17 38.7 19.0
18 42.5 20.7
19 34.4 18.4
20 46.0 21.5
21 37.8 18.3
22 37.7 18.7
23 35.9 19.2
24 38.2 18.1
25 38.8 17.2
26 35.3 18.9
27 40.6 18.6
28 40.5 17.9
29 37.9 18.6
30 40.5 18.9
31 39.5 16.7
32 37.2 18.1
33 39.5 17.8
34 40.9 18.9
35 36.4 17.0
36 39.2 21.1
37 38.8 20.0
38 42.2 18.5
39 37.6 19.3
40 39.8 19.1
41 36.5 18.0
42 40.8 18.4
43 36.0 18.5
44 44.1 19.7
45 37.0 16.9
46 39.6 18.8
47 41.1 19.0
48 37.5 18.9
49 36.0 17.9
50 42.3 21.2
51 39.6 17.7
52 40.1 18.9
53 35.0 17.9
54 42.0 19.5
55 34.5 18.1
56 41.4 18.6
57 39.0 17.5
58 40.6 18.8
59 36.5 16.6
60 37.6 19.1
61 35.7 16.9
62 41.3 21.1
63 37.6 17.0
64 41.1 18.2
65 36.4 17.1
66 41.6 18.0
67 35.5 16.2
68 41.1 19.1
69 35.9 16.6
70 41.8 19.4
71 33.5 19.0
72 39.7 18.4
73 39.6 17.2
74 45.8 18.9
75 35.5 17.5
76 42.8 18.5
77 40.9 16.8
78 37.2 19.4
79 36.2 16.1
80 42.1 19.1
81 34.6 17.2
82 42.9 17.6
83 36.7 18.8
84 35.1 19.4
85 37.3 17.8
86 41.3 20.3
87 36.3 19.5
88 36.9 18.6
89 38.3 19.2
90 38.9 18.8
91 35.7 18.0
92 41.1 18.1
93 34.0 17.1
94 39.6 18.1
95 36.2 17.3
96 40.8 18.9
97 38.1 18.6
98 40.3 18.5
99 33.1 16.1
100 43.2 18.5
101 35.0 17.9
102 41.0 20.0
103 37.7 16.0
104 37.8 20.0
105 37.9 18.6
106 39.7 18.9
107 38.6 17.2
108 38.2 20.0
109 38.1 17.0
110 43.2 19.0
111 38.1 16.5
112 45.6 20.3
113 39.7 17.7
114 42.2 19.5
115 39.6 20.7
116 42.7 18.3
117 38.6 17.0
118 37.3 20.5
119 35.7 17.0
120 41.1 18.6
121 36.2 17.2
122 37.7 19.8
123 40.2 17.0
124 41.4 18.5
125 35.2 15.9
126 40.6 19.0
127 38.8 17.6
128 41.5 18.3
129 39.0 17.1
130 44.1 18.0
131 38.5 17.9
132 43.1 19.2
133 36.8 18.5
134 37.5 18.5
135 38.1 17.6
136 41.1 17.5
137 35.6 17.5
138 40.2 20.1
139 37.0 16.5
140 39.7 17.9
141 40.2 17.1
142 40.6 17.2
143 32.1 15.5
144 40.7 17.0
145 37.3 16.8
146 39.0 18.7
147 39.2 18.6
148 36.6 18.4
149 36.0 17.8
150 37.8 18.1
151 36.0 17.1
152 41.5 18.5
153 46.1 13.2
154 50.0 16.3
155 48.7 14.1
156 50.0 15.2
157 47.6 14.5
158 46.5 13.5
159 45.4 14.6
160 46.7 15.3
161 43.3 13.4
162 46.8 15.4
163 40.9 13.7
164 49.0 16.1
165 45.5 13.7
166 48.4 14.6
167 45.8 14.6
168 49.3 15.7
169 42.0 13.5
170 49.2 15.2
171 46.2 14.5
172 48.7 15.1
173 50.2 14.3
174 45.1 14.5
175 46.5 14.5
176 46.3 15.8
177 42.9 13.1
178 46.1 15.1
179 44.5 14.3
180 47.8 15.0
181 48.2 14.3
182 50.0 15.3
183 47.3 15.3
184 42.8 14.2
185 45.1 14.5
186 59.6 17.0
187 49.1 14.8
188 48.4 16.3
189 42.6 13.7
190 44.4 17.3
191 44.0 13.6
192 48.7 15.7
193 42.7 13.7
194 49.6 16.0
195 45.3 13.7
196 49.6 15.0
197 50.5 15.9
198 43.6 13.9
199 45.5 13.9
200 50.5 15.9
201 44.9 13.3
202 45.2 15.8
203 46.6 14.2
204 48.5 14.1
205 45.1 14.4
206 50.1 15.0
207 46.5 14.4
208 45.0 15.4
209 43.8 13.9
210 45.5 15.0
211 43.2 14.5
212 50.4 15.3
213 45.3 13.8
214 46.2 14.9
215 45.7 13.9
216 54.3 15.7
217 45.8 14.2
218 49.8 16.8
219 46.2 14.4
220 49.5 16.2
221 43.5 14.2
222 50.7 15.0
223 47.7 15.0
224 46.4 15.6
225 48.2 15.6
226 46.5 14.8
227 46.4 15.0
228 48.6 16.0
229 47.5 14.2
230 51.1 16.3
231 45.2 13.8
232 45.2 16.4
233 49.1 14.5
234 52.5 15.6
235 47.4 14.6
236 50.0 15.9
237 44.9 13.8
238 50.8 17.3
239 43.4 14.4
240 51.3 14.2
241 47.5 14.0
242 52.1 17.0
243 47.5 15.0
244 52.2 17.1
245 45.5 14.5
246 49.5 16.1
247 44.5 14.7
248 50.8 15.7
249 49.4 15.8
250 46.9 14.6
251 48.4 14.4
252 51.1 16.5
253 48.5 15.0
254 55.9 17.0
255 47.2 15.5
256 49.1 15.0
257 47.3 13.8
258 46.8 16.1
259 41.7 14.7
260 53.4 15.8
261 43.3 14.0
262 48.1 15.1
263 50.5 15.2
264 49.8 15.9
265 43.5 15.2
266 51.5 16.3
267 46.2 14.1
268 55.1 16.0
269 44.5 15.7
270 48.8 16.2
271 47.2 13.7
272 NA NA
273 46.8 14.3
274 50.4 15.7
275 45.2 14.8
276 49.9 16.1
277 46.5 17.9
278 50.0 19.5
279 51.3 19.2
280 45.4 18.7
281 52.7 19.8
282 45.2 17.8
283 46.1 18.2
284 51.3 18.2
285 46.0 18.9
286 51.3 19.9
287 46.6 17.8
288 51.7 20.3
289 47.0 17.3
290 52.0 18.1
291 45.9 17.1
292 50.5 19.6
293 50.3 20.0
294 58.0 17.8
295 46.4 18.6
296 49.2 18.2
297 42.4 17.3
298 48.5 17.5
299 43.2 16.6
300 50.6 19.4
301 46.7 17.9
302 52.0 19.0
303 50.5 18.4
304 49.5 19.0
305 46.4 17.8
306 52.8 20.0
307 40.9 16.6
308 54.2 20.8
309 42.5 16.7
310 51.0 18.8
311 49.7 18.6
312 47.5 16.8
313 47.6 18.3
314 52.0 20.7
315 46.9 16.6
316 53.5 19.9
317 49.0 19.5
318 46.2 17.5
319 50.9 19.1
320 45.5 17.0
321 50.9 17.9
322 50.8 18.5
323 50.1 17.9
324 49.0 19.6
325 51.5 18.7
326 49.8 17.3
327 48.1 16.4
328 51.4 19.0
329 45.7 17.3
330 50.7 19.7
331 42.5 17.3
332 52.2 18.8
333 45.2 16.6
334 49.3 19.9
335 50.2 18.8
336 45.6 19.4
337 51.9 19.5
338 46.8 16.5
339 45.7 17.0
340 55.8 19.8
341 43.5 18.1
342 49.6 18.2
343 50.8 19.0
344 50.2 18.7 bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass
1 39.1 18.7 181 3750
2 39.5 17.4 186 3800
3 40.3 18.0 195 3250
4 NA NA NA NA
5 36.7 19.3 193 3450
6 39.3 20.6 190 3650
7 38.9 17.8 181 3625
8 39.2 19.6 195 4675
9 34.1 18.1 193 3475
10 42.0 20.2 190 4250
11 37.8 17.1 186 3300
12 37.8 17.3 180 3700
13 41.1 17.6 182 3200
14 38.6 21.2 191 3800
15 34.6 21.1 198 4400
16 36.6 17.8 185 3700
17 38.7 19.0 195 3450
18 42.5 20.7 197 4500
19 34.4 18.4 184 3325
20 46.0 21.5 194 4200
21 37.8 18.3 174 3400
22 37.7 18.7 180 3600
23 35.9 19.2 189 3800
24 38.2 18.1 185 3950
25 38.8 17.2 180 3800
26 35.3 18.9 187 3800
27 40.6 18.6 183 3550
28 40.5 17.9 187 3200
29 37.9 18.6 172 3150
30 40.5 18.9 180 3950
31 39.5 16.7 178 3250
32 37.2 18.1 178 3900
33 39.5 17.8 188 3300
34 40.9 18.9 184 3900
35 36.4 17.0 195 3325
36 39.2 21.1 196 4150
37 38.8 20.0 190 3950
38 42.2 18.5 180 3550
39 37.6 19.3 181 3300
40 39.8 19.1 184 4650
41 36.5 18.0 182 3150
42 40.8 18.4 195 3900
43 36.0 18.5 186 3100
44 44.1 19.7 196 4400
45 37.0 16.9 185 3000
46 39.6 18.8 190 4600
47 41.1 19.0 182 3425
48 37.5 18.9 179 2975
49 36.0 17.9 190 3450
50 42.3 21.2 191 4150
51 39.6 17.7 186 3500
52 40.1 18.9 188 4300
53 35.0 17.9 190 3450
54 42.0 19.5 200 4050
55 34.5 18.1 187 2900
56 41.4 18.6 191 3700
57 39.0 17.5 186 3550
58 40.6 18.8 193 3800
59 36.5 16.6 181 2850
60 37.6 19.1 194 3750
61 35.7 16.9 185 3150
62 41.3 21.1 195 4400
63 37.6 17.0 185 3600
64 41.1 18.2 192 4050
65 36.4 17.1 184 2850
66 41.6 18.0 192 3950
67 35.5 16.2 195 3350
68 41.1 19.1 188 4100
69 35.9 16.6 190 3050
70 41.8 19.4 198 4450
71 33.5 19.0 190 3600
72 39.7 18.4 190 3900
73 39.6 17.2 196 3550
74 45.8 18.9 197 4150
75 35.5 17.5 190 3700
76 42.8 18.5 195 4250
77 40.9 16.8 191 3700
78 37.2 19.4 184 3900
79 36.2 16.1 187 3550
80 42.1 19.1 195 4000
81 34.6 17.2 189 3200
82 42.9 17.6 196 4700
83 36.7 18.8 187 3800
84 35.1 19.4 193 4200
85 37.3 17.8 191 3350
86 41.3 20.3 194 3550
87 36.3 19.5 190 3800
88 36.9 18.6 189 3500
89 38.3 19.2 189 3950
90 38.9 18.8 190 3600
91 35.7 18.0 202 3550
92 41.1 18.1 205 4300
93 34.0 17.1 185 3400
94 39.6 18.1 186 4450
95 36.2 17.3 187 3300
96 40.8 18.9 208 4300
97 38.1 18.6 190 3700
98 40.3 18.5 196 4350
99 33.1 16.1 178 2900
100 43.2 18.5 192 4100
101 35.0 17.9 192 3725
102 41.0 20.0 203 4725
103 37.7 16.0 183 3075
104 37.8 20.0 190 4250
105 37.9 18.6 193 2925
106 39.7 18.9 184 3550
107 38.6 17.2 199 3750
108 38.2 20.0 190 3900
109 38.1 17.0 181 3175
110 43.2 19.0 197 4775
111 38.1 16.5 198 3825
112 45.6 20.3 191 4600
113 39.7 17.7 193 3200
114 42.2 19.5 197 4275
115 39.6 20.7 191 3900
116 42.7 18.3 196 4075
117 38.6 17.0 188 2900
118 37.3 20.5 199 3775
119 35.7 17.0 189 3350
120 41.1 18.6 189 3325
121 36.2 17.2 187 3150
122 37.7 19.8 198 3500
123 40.2 17.0 176 3450
124 41.4 18.5 202 3875
125 35.2 15.9 186 3050
126 40.6 19.0 199 4000
127 38.8 17.6 191 3275
128 41.5 18.3 195 4300
129 39.0 17.1 191 3050
130 44.1 18.0 210 4000
131 38.5 17.9 190 3325
132 43.1 19.2 197 3500
133 36.8 18.5 193 3500
134 37.5 18.5 199 4475
135 38.1 17.6 187 3425
136 41.1 17.5 190 3900
137 35.6 17.5 191 3175
138 40.2 20.1 200 3975
139 37.0 16.5 185 3400
140 39.7 17.9 193 4250
141 40.2 17.1 193 3400
142 40.6 17.2 187 3475
143 32.1 15.5 188 3050
144 40.7 17.0 190 3725
145 37.3 16.8 192 3000
146 39.0 18.7 185 3650
147 39.2 18.6 190 4250
148 36.6 18.4 184 3475
149 36.0 17.8 195 3450
150 37.8 18.1 193 3750
151 36.0 17.1 187 3700
152 41.5 18.5 201 4000
153 46.1 13.2 211 4500
154 50.0 16.3 230 5700
155 48.7 14.1 210 4450
156 50.0 15.2 218 5700
157 47.6 14.5 215 5400
158 46.5 13.5 210 4550
159 45.4 14.6 211 4800
160 46.7 15.3 219 5200
161 43.3 13.4 209 4400
162 46.8 15.4 215 5150
163 40.9 13.7 214 4650
164 49.0 16.1 216 5550
165 45.5 13.7 214 4650
166 48.4 14.6 213 5850
167 45.8 14.6 210 4200
168 49.3 15.7 217 5850
169 42.0 13.5 210 4150
170 49.2 15.2 221 6300
171 46.2 14.5 209 4800
172 48.7 15.1 222 5350
173 50.2 14.3 218 5700
174 45.1 14.5 215 5000
175 46.5 14.5 213 4400
176 46.3 15.8 215 5050
177 42.9 13.1 215 5000
178 46.1 15.1 215 5100
179 44.5 14.3 216 4100
180 47.8 15.0 215 5650
181 48.2 14.3 210 4600
182 50.0 15.3 220 5550
183 47.3 15.3 222 5250
184 42.8 14.2 209 4700
185 45.1 14.5 207 5050
186 59.6 17.0 230 6050
187 49.1 14.8 220 5150
188 48.4 16.3 220 5400
189 42.6 13.7 213 4950
190 44.4 17.3 219 5250
191 44.0 13.6 208 4350
192 48.7 15.7 208 5350
193 42.7 13.7 208 3950
194 49.6 16.0 225 5700
195 45.3 13.7 210 4300
196 49.6 15.0 216 4750
197 50.5 15.9 222 5550
198 43.6 13.9 217 4900
199 45.5 13.9 210 4200
200 50.5 15.9 225 5400
201 44.9 13.3 213 5100
202 45.2 15.8 215 5300
203 46.6 14.2 210 4850
204 48.5 14.1 220 5300
205 45.1 14.4 210 4400
206 50.1 15.0 225 5000
207 46.5 14.4 217 4900
208 45.0 15.4 220 5050
209 43.8 13.9 208 4300
210 45.5 15.0 220 5000
211 43.2 14.5 208 4450
212 50.4 15.3 224 5550
213 45.3 13.8 208 4200
214 46.2 14.9 221 5300
215 45.7 13.9 214 4400
216 54.3 15.7 231 5650
217 45.8 14.2 219 4700
218 49.8 16.8 230 5700
219 46.2 14.4 214 4650
220 49.5 16.2 229 5800
221 43.5 14.2 220 4700
222 50.7 15.0 223 5550
223 47.7 15.0 216 4750
224 46.4 15.6 221 5000
225 48.2 15.6 221 5100
226 46.5 14.8 217 5200
227 46.4 15.0 216 4700
228 48.6 16.0 230 5800
229 47.5 14.2 209 4600
230 51.1 16.3 220 6000
231 45.2 13.8 215 4750
232 45.2 16.4 223 5950
233 49.1 14.5 212 4625
234 52.5 15.6 221 5450
235 47.4 14.6 212 4725
236 50.0 15.9 224 5350
237 44.9 13.8 212 4750
238 50.8 17.3 228 5600
239 43.4 14.4 218 4600
240 51.3 14.2 218 5300
241 47.5 14.0 212 4875
242 52.1 17.0 230 5550
243 47.5 15.0 218 4950
244 52.2 17.1 228 5400
245 45.5 14.5 212 4750
246 49.5 16.1 224 5650
247 44.5 14.7 214 4850
248 50.8 15.7 226 5200
249 49.4 15.8 216 4925
250 46.9 14.6 222 4875
251 48.4 14.4 203 4625
252 51.1 16.5 225 5250
253 48.5 15.0 219 4850
254 55.9 17.0 228 5600
255 47.2 15.5 215 4975
256 49.1 15.0 228 5500
257 47.3 13.8 216 4725
258 46.8 16.1 215 5500
259 41.7 14.7 210 4700
260 53.4 15.8 219 5500
261 43.3 14.0 208 4575
262 48.1 15.1 209 5500
263 50.5 15.2 216 5000
264 49.8 15.9 229 5950
265 43.5 15.2 213 4650
266 51.5 16.3 230 5500
267 46.2 14.1 217 4375
268 55.1 16.0 230 5850
269 44.5 15.7 217 4875
270 48.8 16.2 222 6000
271 47.2 13.7 214 4925
272 NA NA NA NA
273 46.8 14.3 215 4850
274 50.4 15.7 222 5750
275 45.2 14.8 212 5200
276 49.9 16.1 213 5400
277 46.5 17.9 192 3500
278 50.0 19.5 196 3900
279 51.3 19.2 193 3650
280 45.4 18.7 188 3525
281 52.7 19.8 197 3725
282 45.2 17.8 198 3950
283 46.1 18.2 178 3250
284 51.3 18.2 197 3750
285 46.0 18.9 195 4150
286 51.3 19.9 198 3700
287 46.6 17.8 193 3800
288 51.7 20.3 194 3775
289 47.0 17.3 185 3700
290 52.0 18.1 201 4050
291 45.9 17.1 190 3575
292 50.5 19.6 201 4050
293 50.3 20.0 197 3300
294 58.0 17.8 181 3700
295 46.4 18.6 190 3450
296 49.2 18.2 195 4400
297 42.4 17.3 181 3600
298 48.5 17.5 191 3400
299 43.2 16.6 187 2900
300 50.6 19.4 193 3800
301 46.7 17.9 195 3300
302 52.0 19.0 197 4150
303 50.5 18.4 200 3400
304 49.5 19.0 200 3800
305 46.4 17.8 191 3700
306 52.8 20.0 205 4550
307 40.9 16.6 187 3200
308 54.2 20.8 201 4300
309 42.5 16.7 187 3350
310 51.0 18.8 203 4100
311 49.7 18.6 195 3600
312 47.5 16.8 199 3900
313 47.6 18.3 195 3850
314 52.0 20.7 210 4800
315 46.9 16.6 192 2700
316 53.5 19.9 205 4500
317 49.0 19.5 210 3950
318 46.2 17.5 187 3650
319 50.9 19.1 196 3550
320 45.5 17.0 196 3500
321 50.9 17.9 196 3675
322 50.8 18.5 201 4450
323 50.1 17.9 190 3400
324 49.0 19.6 212 4300
325 51.5 18.7 187 3250
326 49.8 17.3 198 3675
327 48.1 16.4 199 3325
328 51.4 19.0 201 3950
329 45.7 17.3 193 3600
330 50.7 19.7 203 4050
331 42.5 17.3 187 3350
332 52.2 18.8 197 3450
333 45.2 16.6 191 3250
334 49.3 19.9 203 4050
335 50.2 18.8 202 3800
336 45.6 19.4 194 3525
337 51.9 19.5 206 3950
338 46.8 16.5 189 3650
339 45.7 17.0 195 3650
340 55.8 19.8 207 4000
341 43.5 18.1 202 3400
342 49.6 18.2 193 3775
343 50.8 19.0 210 4100
344 50.2 18.7 198 3775 bill_len bill_dep
1 39.1 18.7
2 39.5 17.4
3 40.3 18.0
4 NA NA
5 36.7 19.3
6 39.3 20.6
7 38.9 17.8
8 39.2 19.6
9 34.1 18.1
10 42.0 20.2
11 37.8 17.1
12 37.8 17.3
13 41.1 17.6
14 38.6 21.2
15 34.6 21.1
16 36.6 17.8
17 38.7 19.0
18 42.5 20.7
19 34.4 18.4
20 46.0 21.5
21 37.8 18.3
22 37.7 18.7
23 35.9 19.2
24 38.2 18.1
25 38.8 17.2
26 35.3 18.9
27 40.6 18.6
28 40.5 17.9
29 37.9 18.6
30 40.5 18.9
31 39.5 16.7
32 37.2 18.1
33 39.5 17.8
34 40.9 18.9
35 36.4 17.0
36 39.2 21.1
37 38.8 20.0
38 42.2 18.5
39 37.6 19.3
40 39.8 19.1
41 36.5 18.0
42 40.8 18.4
43 36.0 18.5
44 44.1 19.7
45 37.0 16.9
46 39.6 18.8
47 41.1 19.0
48 37.5 18.9
49 36.0 17.9
50 42.3 21.2
51 39.6 17.7
52 40.1 18.9
53 35.0 17.9
54 42.0 19.5
55 34.5 18.1
56 41.4 18.6
57 39.0 17.5
58 40.6 18.8
59 36.5 16.6
60 37.6 19.1
61 35.7 16.9
62 41.3 21.1
63 37.6 17.0
64 41.1 18.2
65 36.4 17.1
66 41.6 18.0
67 35.5 16.2
68 41.1 19.1
69 35.9 16.6
70 41.8 19.4
71 33.5 19.0
72 39.7 18.4
73 39.6 17.2
74 45.8 18.9
75 35.5 17.5
76 42.8 18.5
77 40.9 16.8
78 37.2 19.4
79 36.2 16.1
80 42.1 19.1
81 34.6 17.2
82 42.9 17.6
83 36.7 18.8
84 35.1 19.4
85 37.3 17.8
86 41.3 20.3
87 36.3 19.5
88 36.9 18.6
89 38.3 19.2
90 38.9 18.8
91 35.7 18.0
92 41.1 18.1
93 34.0 17.1
94 39.6 18.1
95 36.2 17.3
96 40.8 18.9
97 38.1 18.6
98 40.3 18.5
99 33.1 16.1
100 43.2 18.5
101 35.0 17.9
102 41.0 20.0
103 37.7 16.0
104 37.8 20.0
105 37.9 18.6
106 39.7 18.9
107 38.6 17.2
108 38.2 20.0
109 38.1 17.0
110 43.2 19.0
111 38.1 16.5
112 45.6 20.3
113 39.7 17.7
114 42.2 19.5
115 39.6 20.7
116 42.7 18.3
117 38.6 17.0
118 37.3 20.5
119 35.7 17.0
120 41.1 18.6
121 36.2 17.2
122 37.7 19.8
123 40.2 17.0
124 41.4 18.5
125 35.2 15.9
126 40.6 19.0
127 38.8 17.6
128 41.5 18.3
129 39.0 17.1
130 44.1 18.0
131 38.5 17.9
132 43.1 19.2
133 36.8 18.5
134 37.5 18.5
135 38.1 17.6
136 41.1 17.5
137 35.6 17.5
138 40.2 20.1
139 37.0 16.5
140 39.7 17.9
141 40.2 17.1
142 40.6 17.2
143 32.1 15.5
144 40.7 17.0
145 37.3 16.8
146 39.0 18.7
147 39.2 18.6
148 36.6 18.4
149 36.0 17.8
150 37.8 18.1
151 36.0 17.1
152 41.5 18.5
153 46.1 13.2
154 50.0 16.3
155 48.7 14.1
156 50.0 15.2
157 47.6 14.5
158 46.5 13.5
159 45.4 14.6
160 46.7 15.3
161 43.3 13.4
162 46.8 15.4
163 40.9 13.7
164 49.0 16.1
165 45.5 13.7
166 48.4 14.6
167 45.8 14.6
168 49.3 15.7
169 42.0 13.5
170 49.2 15.2
171 46.2 14.5
172 48.7 15.1
173 50.2 14.3
174 45.1 14.5
175 46.5 14.5
176 46.3 15.8
177 42.9 13.1
178 46.1 15.1
179 44.5 14.3
180 47.8 15.0
181 48.2 14.3
182 50.0 15.3
183 47.3 15.3
184 42.8 14.2
185 45.1 14.5
186 59.6 17.0
187 49.1 14.8
188 48.4 16.3
189 42.6 13.7
190 44.4 17.3
191 44.0 13.6
192 48.7 15.7
193 42.7 13.7
194 49.6 16.0
195 45.3 13.7
196 49.6 15.0
197 50.5 15.9
198 43.6 13.9
199 45.5 13.9
200 50.5 15.9
201 44.9 13.3
202 45.2 15.8
203 46.6 14.2
204 48.5 14.1
205 45.1 14.4
206 50.1 15.0
207 46.5 14.4
208 45.0 15.4
209 43.8 13.9
210 45.5 15.0
211 43.2 14.5
212 50.4 15.3
213 45.3 13.8
214 46.2 14.9
215 45.7 13.9
216 54.3 15.7
217 45.8 14.2
218 49.8 16.8
219 46.2 14.4
220 49.5 16.2
221 43.5 14.2
222 50.7 15.0
223 47.7 15.0
224 46.4 15.6
225 48.2 15.6
226 46.5 14.8
227 46.4 15.0
228 48.6 16.0
229 47.5 14.2
230 51.1 16.3
231 45.2 13.8
232 45.2 16.4
233 49.1 14.5
234 52.5 15.6
235 47.4 14.6
236 50.0 15.9
237 44.9 13.8
238 50.8 17.3
239 43.4 14.4
240 51.3 14.2
241 47.5 14.0
242 52.1 17.0
243 47.5 15.0
244 52.2 17.1
245 45.5 14.5
246 49.5 16.1
247 44.5 14.7
248 50.8 15.7
249 49.4 15.8
250 46.9 14.6
251 48.4 14.4
252 51.1 16.5
253 48.5 15.0
254 55.9 17.0
255 47.2 15.5
256 49.1 15.0
257 47.3 13.8
258 46.8 16.1
259 41.7 14.7
260 53.4 15.8
261 43.3 14.0
262 48.1 15.1
263 50.5 15.2
264 49.8 15.9
265 43.5 15.2
266 51.5 16.3
267 46.2 14.1
268 55.1 16.0
269 44.5 15.7
270 48.8 16.2
271 47.2 13.7
272 NA NA
273 46.8 14.3
274 50.4 15.7
275 45.2 14.8
276 49.9 16.1
277 46.5 17.9
278 50.0 19.5
279 51.3 19.2
280 45.4 18.7
281 52.7 19.8
282 45.2 17.8
283 46.1 18.2
284 51.3 18.2
285 46.0 18.9
286 51.3 19.9
287 46.6 17.8
288 51.7 20.3
289 47.0 17.3
290 52.0 18.1
291 45.9 17.1
292 50.5 19.6
293 50.3 20.0
294 58.0 17.8
295 46.4 18.6
296 49.2 18.2
297 42.4 17.3
298 48.5 17.5
299 43.2 16.6
300 50.6 19.4
301 46.7 17.9
302 52.0 19.0
303 50.5 18.4
304 49.5 19.0
305 46.4 17.8
306 52.8 20.0
307 40.9 16.6
308 54.2 20.8
309 42.5 16.7
310 51.0 18.8
311 49.7 18.6
312 47.5 16.8
313 47.6 18.3
314 52.0 20.7
315 46.9 16.6
316 53.5 19.9
317 49.0 19.5
318 46.2 17.5
319 50.9 19.1
320 45.5 17.0
321 50.9 17.9
322 50.8 18.5
323 50.1 17.9
324 49.0 19.6
325 51.5 18.7
326 49.8 17.3
327 48.1 16.4
328 51.4 19.0
329 45.7 17.3
330 50.7 19.7
331 42.5 17.3
332 52.2 18.8
333 45.2 16.6
334 49.3 19.9
335 50.2 18.8
336 45.6 19.4
337 51.9 19.5
338 46.8 16.5
339 45.7 17.0
340 55.8 19.8
341 43.5 18.1
342 49.6 18.2
343 50.8 19.0
344 50.2 18.7 bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass year
1 39.1 18.7 181 3750 2007
2 39.5 17.4 186 3800 2007
3 40.3 18.0 195 3250 2007
4 NA NA NA NA 2007
5 36.7 19.3 193 3450 2007
6 39.3 20.6 190 3650 2007
7 38.9 17.8 181 3625 2007
8 39.2 19.6 195 4675 2007
9 34.1 18.1 193 3475 2007
10 42.0 20.2 190 4250 2007
11 37.8 17.1 186 3300 2007
12 37.8 17.3 180 3700 2007
13 41.1 17.6 182 3200 2007
14 38.6 21.2 191 3800 2007
15 34.6 21.1 198 4400 2007
16 36.6 17.8 185 3700 2007
17 38.7 19.0 195 3450 2007
18 42.5 20.7 197 4500 2007
19 34.4 18.4 184 3325 2007
20 46.0 21.5 194 4200 2007
21 37.8 18.3 174 3400 2007
22 37.7 18.7 180 3600 2007
23 35.9 19.2 189 3800 2007
24 38.2 18.1 185 3950 2007
25 38.8 17.2 180 3800 2007
26 35.3 18.9 187 3800 2007
27 40.6 18.6 183 3550 2007
28 40.5 17.9 187 3200 2007
29 37.9 18.6 172 3150 2007
30 40.5 18.9 180 3950 2007
31 39.5 16.7 178 3250 2007
32 37.2 18.1 178 3900 2007
33 39.5 17.8 188 3300 2007
34 40.9 18.9 184 3900 2007
35 36.4 17.0 195 3325 2007
36 39.2 21.1 196 4150 2007
37 38.8 20.0 190 3950 2007
38 42.2 18.5 180 3550 2007
39 37.6 19.3 181 3300 2007
40 39.8 19.1 184 4650 2007
41 36.5 18.0 182 3150 2007
42 40.8 18.4 195 3900 2007
43 36.0 18.5 186 3100 2007
44 44.1 19.7 196 4400 2007
45 37.0 16.9 185 3000 2007
46 39.6 18.8 190 4600 2007
47 41.1 19.0 182 3425 2007
48 37.5 18.9 179 2975 2007
49 36.0 17.9 190 3450 2007
50 42.3 21.2 191 4150 2007
51 39.6 17.7 186 3500 2008
52 40.1 18.9 188 4300 2008
53 35.0 17.9 190 3450 2008
54 42.0 19.5 200 4050 2008
55 34.5 18.1 187 2900 2008
56 41.4 18.6 191 3700 2008
57 39.0 17.5 186 3550 2008
58 40.6 18.8 193 3800 2008
59 36.5 16.6 181 2850 2008
60 37.6 19.1 194 3750 2008
61 35.7 16.9 185 3150 2008
62 41.3 21.1 195 4400 2008
63 37.6 17.0 185 3600 2008
64 41.1 18.2 192 4050 2008
65 36.4 17.1 184 2850 2008
66 41.6 18.0 192 3950 2008
67 35.5 16.2 195 3350 2008
68 41.1 19.1 188 4100 2008
69 35.9 16.6 190 3050 2008
70 41.8 19.4 198 4450 2008
71 33.5 19.0 190 3600 2008
72 39.7 18.4 190 3900 2008
73 39.6 17.2 196 3550 2008
74 45.8 18.9 197 4150 2008
75 35.5 17.5 190 3700 2008
76 42.8 18.5 195 4250 2008
77 40.9 16.8 191 3700 2008
78 37.2 19.4 184 3900 2008
79 36.2 16.1 187 3550 2008
80 42.1 19.1 195 4000 2008
81 34.6 17.2 189 3200 2008
82 42.9 17.6 196 4700 2008
83 36.7 18.8 187 3800 2008
84 35.1 19.4 193 4200 2008
85 37.3 17.8 191 3350 2008
86 41.3 20.3 194 3550 2008
87 36.3 19.5 190 3800 2008
88 36.9 18.6 189 3500 2008
89 38.3 19.2 189 3950 2008
90 38.9 18.8 190 3600 2008
91 35.7 18.0 202 3550 2008
92 41.1 18.1 205 4300 2008
93 34.0 17.1 185 3400 2008
94 39.6 18.1 186 4450 2008
95 36.2 17.3 187 3300 2008
96 40.8 18.9 208 4300 2008
97 38.1 18.6 190 3700 2008
98 40.3 18.5 196 4350 2008
99 33.1 16.1 178 2900 2008
100 43.2 18.5 192 4100 2008
101 35.0 17.9 192 3725 2009
102 41.0 20.0 203 4725 2009
103 37.7 16.0 183 3075 2009
104 37.8 20.0 190 4250 2009
105 37.9 18.6 193 2925 2009
106 39.7 18.9 184 3550 2009
107 38.6 17.2 199 3750 2009
108 38.2 20.0 190 3900 2009
109 38.1 17.0 181 3175 2009
110 43.2 19.0 197 4775 2009
111 38.1 16.5 198 3825 2009
112 45.6 20.3 191 4600 2009
113 39.7 17.7 193 3200 2009
114 42.2 19.5 197 4275 2009
115 39.6 20.7 191 3900 2009
116 42.7 18.3 196 4075 2009
117 38.6 17.0 188 2900 2009
118 37.3 20.5 199 3775 2009
119 35.7 17.0 189 3350 2009
120 41.1 18.6 189 3325 2009
121 36.2 17.2 187 3150 2009
122 37.7 19.8 198 3500 2009
123 40.2 17.0 176 3450 2009
124 41.4 18.5 202 3875 2009
125 35.2 15.9 186 3050 2009
126 40.6 19.0 199 4000 2009
127 38.8 17.6 191 3275 2009
128 41.5 18.3 195 4300 2009
129 39.0 17.1 191 3050 2009
130 44.1 18.0 210 4000 2009
131 38.5 17.9 190 3325 2009
132 43.1 19.2 197 3500 2009
133 36.8 18.5 193 3500 2009
134 37.5 18.5 199 4475 2009
135 38.1 17.6 187 3425 2009
136 41.1 17.5 190 3900 2009
137 35.6 17.5 191 3175 2009
138 40.2 20.1 200 3975 2009
139 37.0 16.5 185 3400 2009
140 39.7 17.9 193 4250 2009
141 40.2 17.1 193 3400 2009
142 40.6 17.2 187 3475 2009
143 32.1 15.5 188 3050 2009
144 40.7 17.0 190 3725 2009
145 37.3 16.8 192 3000 2009
146 39.0 18.7 185 3650 2009
147 39.2 18.6 190 4250 2009
148 36.6 18.4 184 3475 2009
149 36.0 17.8 195 3450 2009
150 37.8 18.1 193 3750 2009
151 36.0 17.1 187 3700 2009
152 41.5 18.5 201 4000 2009
153 46.1 13.2 211 4500 2007
154 50.0 16.3 230 5700 2007
155 48.7 14.1 210 4450 2007
156 50.0 15.2 218 5700 2007
157 47.6 14.5 215 5400 2007
158 46.5 13.5 210 4550 2007
159 45.4 14.6 211 4800 2007
160 46.7 15.3 219 5200 2007
161 43.3 13.4 209 4400 2007
162 46.8 15.4 215 5150 2007
163 40.9 13.7 214 4650 2007
164 49.0 16.1 216 5550 2007
165 45.5 13.7 214 4650 2007
166 48.4 14.6 213 5850 2007
167 45.8 14.6 210 4200 2007
168 49.3 15.7 217 5850 2007
169 42.0 13.5 210 4150 2007
170 49.2 15.2 221 6300 2007
171 46.2 14.5 209 4800 2007
172 48.7 15.1 222 5350 2007
173 50.2 14.3 218 5700 2007
174 45.1 14.5 215 5000 2007
175 46.5 14.5 213 4400 2007
176 46.3 15.8 215 5050 2007
177 42.9 13.1 215 5000 2007
178 46.1 15.1 215 5100 2007
179 44.5 14.3 216 4100 2007
180 47.8 15.0 215 5650 2007
181 48.2 14.3 210 4600 2007
182 50.0 15.3 220 5550 2007
183 47.3 15.3 222 5250 2007
184 42.8 14.2 209 4700 2007
185 45.1 14.5 207 5050 2007
186 59.6 17.0 230 6050 2007
187 49.1 14.8 220 5150 2008
188 48.4 16.3 220 5400 2008
189 42.6 13.7 213 4950 2008
190 44.4 17.3 219 5250 2008
191 44.0 13.6 208 4350 2008
192 48.7 15.7 208 5350 2008
193 42.7 13.7 208 3950 2008
194 49.6 16.0 225 5700 2008
195 45.3 13.7 210 4300 2008
196 49.6 15.0 216 4750 2008
197 50.5 15.9 222 5550 2008
198 43.6 13.9 217 4900 2008
199 45.5 13.9 210 4200 2008
200 50.5 15.9 225 5400 2008
201 44.9 13.3 213 5100 2008
202 45.2 15.8 215 5300 2008
203 46.6 14.2 210 4850 2008
204 48.5 14.1 220 5300 2008
205 45.1 14.4 210 4400 2008
206 50.1 15.0 225 5000 2008
207 46.5 14.4 217 4900 2008
208 45.0 15.4 220 5050 2008
209 43.8 13.9 208 4300 2008
210 45.5 15.0 220 5000 2008
211 43.2 14.5 208 4450 2008
212 50.4 15.3 224 5550 2008
213 45.3 13.8 208 4200 2008
214 46.2 14.9 221 5300 2008
215 45.7 13.9 214 4400 2008
216 54.3 15.7 231 5650 2008
217 45.8 14.2 219 4700 2008
218 49.8 16.8 230 5700 2008
219 46.2 14.4 214 4650 2008
220 49.5 16.2 229 5800 2008
221 43.5 14.2 220 4700 2008
222 50.7 15.0 223 5550 2008
223 47.7 15.0 216 4750 2008
224 46.4 15.6 221 5000 2008
225 48.2 15.6 221 5100 2008
226 46.5 14.8 217 5200 2008
227 46.4 15.0 216 4700 2008
228 48.6 16.0 230 5800 2008
229 47.5 14.2 209 4600 2008
230 51.1 16.3 220 6000 2008
231 45.2 13.8 215 4750 2008
232 45.2 16.4 223 5950 2008
233 49.1 14.5 212 4625 2009
234 52.5 15.6 221 5450 2009
235 47.4 14.6 212 4725 2009
236 50.0 15.9 224 5350 2009
237 44.9 13.8 212 4750 2009
238 50.8 17.3 228 5600 2009
239 43.4 14.4 218 4600 2009
240 51.3 14.2 218 5300 2009
241 47.5 14.0 212 4875 2009
242 52.1 17.0 230 5550 2009
243 47.5 15.0 218 4950 2009
244 52.2 17.1 228 5400 2009
245 45.5 14.5 212 4750 2009
246 49.5 16.1 224 5650 2009
247 44.5 14.7 214 4850 2009
248 50.8 15.7 226 5200 2009
249 49.4 15.8 216 4925 2009
250 46.9 14.6 222 4875 2009
251 48.4 14.4 203 4625 2009
252 51.1 16.5 225 5250 2009
253 48.5 15.0 219 4850 2009
254 55.9 17.0 228 5600 2009
255 47.2 15.5 215 4975 2009
256 49.1 15.0 228 5500 2009
257 47.3 13.8 216 4725 2009
258 46.8 16.1 215 5500 2009
259 41.7 14.7 210 4700 2009
260 53.4 15.8 219 5500 2009
261 43.3 14.0 208 4575 2009
262 48.1 15.1 209 5500 2009
263 50.5 15.2 216 5000 2009
264 49.8 15.9 229 5950 2009
265 43.5 15.2 213 4650 2009
266 51.5 16.3 230 5500 2009
267 46.2 14.1 217 4375 2009
268 55.1 16.0 230 5850 2009
269 44.5 15.7 217 4875 2009
270 48.8 16.2 222 6000 2009
271 47.2 13.7 214 4925 2009
272 NA NA NA NA 2009
273 46.8 14.3 215 4850 2009
274 50.4 15.7 222 5750 2009
275 45.2 14.8 212 5200 2009
276 49.9 16.1 213 5400 2009
277 46.5 17.9 192 3500 2007
278 50.0 19.5 196 3900 2007
279 51.3 19.2 193 3650 2007
280 45.4 18.7 188 3525 2007
281 52.7 19.8 197 3725 2007
282 45.2 17.8 198 3950 2007
283 46.1 18.2 178 3250 2007
284 51.3 18.2 197 3750 2007
285 46.0 18.9 195 4150 2007
286 51.3 19.9 198 3700 2007
287 46.6 17.8 193 3800 2007
288 51.7 20.3 194 3775 2007
289 47.0 17.3 185 3700 2007
290 52.0 18.1 201 4050 2007
291 45.9 17.1 190 3575 2007
292 50.5 19.6 201 4050 2007
293 50.3 20.0 197 3300 2007
294 58.0 17.8 181 3700 2007
295 46.4 18.6 190 3450 2007
296 49.2 18.2 195 4400 2007
297 42.4 17.3 181 3600 2007
298 48.5 17.5 191 3400 2007
299 43.2 16.6 187 2900 2007
300 50.6 19.4 193 3800 2007
301 46.7 17.9 195 3300 2007
302 52.0 19.0 197 4150 2007
303 50.5 18.4 200 3400 2008
304 49.5 19.0 200 3800 2008
305 46.4 17.8 191 3700 2008
306 52.8 20.0 205 4550 2008
307 40.9 16.6 187 3200 2008
308 54.2 20.8 201 4300 2008
309 42.5 16.7 187 3350 2008
310 51.0 18.8 203 4100 2008
311 49.7 18.6 195 3600 2008
312 47.5 16.8 199 3900 2008
313 47.6 18.3 195 3850 2008
314 52.0 20.7 210 4800 2008
315 46.9 16.6 192 2700 2008
316 53.5 19.9 205 4500 2008
317 49.0 19.5 210 3950 2008
318 46.2 17.5 187 3650 2008
319 50.9 19.1 196 3550 2008
320 45.5 17.0 196 3500 2008
321 50.9 17.9 196 3675 2009
322 50.8 18.5 201 4450 2009
323 50.1 17.9 190 3400 2009
324 49.0 19.6 212 4300 2009
325 51.5 18.7 187 3250 2009
326 49.8 17.3 198 3675 2009
327 48.1 16.4 199 3325 2009
328 51.4 19.0 201 3950 2009
329 45.7 17.3 193 3600 2009
330 50.7 19.7 203 4050 2009
331 42.5 17.3 187 3350 2009
332 52.2 18.8 197 3450 2009
333 45.2 16.6 191 3250 2009
334 49.3 19.9 203 4050 2009
335 50.2 18.8 202 3800 2009
336 45.6 19.4 194 3525 2009
337 51.9 19.5 206 3950 2009
338 46.8 16.5 189 3650 2009
339 45.7 17.0 195 3650 2009
340 55.8 19.8 207 4000 2009
341 43.5 18.1 202 3400 2009
342 49.6 18.2 193 3775 2009
343 50.8 19.0 210 4100 2009
344 50.2 18.7 198 3775 2009There are several other selectors. See ?dplyr::select or online for further details.
A note about pipes: |> vs %>%
Pipes pass what comes before into an argument (by default the first) of what comes after.
Pipes are a powerful tool for clearly expressing a sequence of multiple operations.
|>
- The ‘native’ pipe, built into base R since v4.1 (May 2021)
- Improved in v4.2 (April 2022)
%>%
- Has been around in the magrittr package since 2014
- Used throughout the tidyverse (though that is changing)
Pipes: similarity
By default, a pipe takes what comes before and pass it to first argument of what comes after.
Pipes: key difference
So far, so good, but what if we want to pipe into a subsequent argument?
Different placeholder (. vs _) and with native pipe need a named argument
Pipe keyboard shortcut
There is an RStudio shortcut for the pipe which also puts spaces around it:
Ctrl/⌘ + ⇧ + M.
This can be set to either %>% or |> in the RStudio preferences.
Go to Tools -> Global Options -> Code and check/uncheck box for “Use native pipe operator”.
arrange(): change the ordering of rows
species sex flipper_len
1 Adelie female 172
2 Adelie female 174
3 Adelie female 176
4 Adelie female 178
5 Adelie male 178
6 Adelie female 178
7 Chinstrap female 178
8 Adelie <NA> 179
9 Adelie <NA> 180
10 Adelie male 180
11 Adelie male 180
12 Adelie male 180
13 Adelie female 180
14 Adelie male 181
15 Adelie female 181
16 Adelie female 181
17 Adelie female 181
18 Adelie female 181
19 Chinstrap female 181
20 Chinstrap female 181
21 Adelie female 182
22 Adelie female 182
23 Adelie male 182
24 Adelie male 183
25 Adelie female 183
26 Adelie female 184
27 Adelie male 184
28 Adelie male 184
29 Adelie female 184
30 Adelie male 184
31 Adelie male 184
32 Adelie female 184
33 Adelie female 185
34 Adelie male 185
35 Adelie female 185
36 Adelie female 185
37 Adelie female 185
38 Adelie female 185
39 Adelie female 185
40 Adelie male 185
41 Chinstrap female 185
42 Adelie female 186
43 Adelie <NA> 186
44 Adelie female 186
45 Adelie female 186
46 Adelie female 186
47 Adelie male 186
48 Adelie female 186
49 Adelie female 187
50 Adelie female 187
51 Adelie female 187
52 Adelie female 187
53 Adelie female 187
54 Adelie female 187
55 Adelie female 187
56 Adelie female 187
57 Adelie male 187
58 Adelie female 187
59 Chinstrap female 187
60 Chinstrap female 187
61 Chinstrap female 187
62 Chinstrap female 187
63 Chinstrap male 187
64 Chinstrap female 187
65 Adelie female 188
66 Adelie male 188
67 Adelie male 188
68 Adelie female 188
69 Adelie female 188
70 Chinstrap female 188
71 Adelie female 189
72 Adelie female 189
73 Adelie female 189
74 Adelie male 189
75 Adelie female 189
76 Adelie male 189
77 Chinstrap female 189
78 Adelie male 190
79 Adelie <NA> 190
80 Adelie male 190
81 Adelie male 190
82 Adelie female 190
83 Adelie female 190
84 Adelie female 190
85 Adelie female 190
86 Adelie male 190
87 Adelie female 190
88 Adelie male 190
89 Adelie female 190
90 Adelie female 190
91 Adelie male 190
92 Adelie male 190
93 Adelie female 190
94 Adelie male 190
95 Adelie male 190
96 Adelie male 190
97 Chinstrap female 190
98 Chinstrap female 190
99 Chinstrap female 190
100 Adelie male 191
101 Adelie male 191
102 Adelie male 191
103 Adelie female 191
104 Adelie female 191
105 Adelie male 191
106 Adelie female 191
107 Adelie female 191
108 Adelie female 191
109 Adelie female 191
110 Chinstrap male 191
111 Chinstrap female 191
112 Chinstrap female 191
113 Adelie male 192
114 Adelie male 192
115 Adelie male 192
116 Adelie female 192
117 Adelie female 192
118 Chinstrap female 192
119 Chinstrap female 192
120 Adelie female 193
121 Adelie <NA> 193
122 Adelie male 193
123 Adelie male 193
124 Adelie female 193
125 Adelie female 193
126 Adelie female 193
127 Adelie male 193
128 Adelie female 193
129 Adelie male 193
130 Chinstrap male 193
131 Chinstrap female 193
132 Chinstrap male 193
133 Chinstrap female 193
134 Chinstrap male 193
135 Adelie male 194
136 Adelie male 194
137 Adelie male 194
138 Chinstrap male 194
139 Chinstrap female 194
140 Adelie female 195
141 Adelie male 195
142 Adelie female 195
143 Adelie female 195
144 Adelie male 195
145 Adelie male 195
146 Adelie female 195
147 Adelie male 195
148 Adelie male 195
149 Adelie male 195
150 Adelie female 195
151 Chinstrap female 195
152 Chinstrap male 195
153 Chinstrap female 195
154 Chinstrap male 195
155 Chinstrap female 195
156 Chinstrap female 195
157 Adelie male 196
158 Adelie male 196
159 Adelie female 196
160 Adelie male 196
161 Adelie male 196
162 Adelie male 196
163 Chinstrap male 196
164 Chinstrap male 196
165 Chinstrap female 196
166 Chinstrap female 196
167 Adelie male 197
168 Adelie male 197
169 Adelie male 197
170 Adelie male 197
171 Adelie male 197
172 Chinstrap male 197
173 Chinstrap male 197
174 Chinstrap male 197
175 Chinstrap male 197
176 Chinstrap male 197
177 Adelie male 198
178 Adelie male 198
179 Adelie female 198
180 Adelie male 198
181 Chinstrap female 198
182 Chinstrap male 198
183 Chinstrap female 198
184 Chinstrap female 198
185 Adelie female 199
186 Adelie male 199
187 Adelie male 199
188 Adelie male 199
189 Chinstrap female 199
190 Chinstrap female 199
191 Adelie male 200
192 Adelie male 200
193 Chinstrap female 200
194 Chinstrap male 200
195 Adelie male 201
196 Chinstrap male 201
197 Chinstrap male 201
198 Chinstrap male 201
199 Chinstrap male 201
200 Chinstrap male 201
201 Adelie female 202
202 Adelie male 202
203 Chinstrap male 202
204 Chinstrap female 202
205 Adelie male 203
206 Gentoo female 203
207 Chinstrap male 203
208 Chinstrap male 203
209 Chinstrap male 203
210 Adelie male 205
211 Chinstrap male 205
212 Chinstrap male 205
213 Chinstrap male 206
214 Gentoo female 207
215 Chinstrap male 207
216 Adelie male 208
217 Gentoo female 208
218 Gentoo male 208
219 Gentoo female 208
220 Gentoo female 208
221 Gentoo female 208
222 Gentoo female 208
223 Gentoo female 208
224 Gentoo female 209
225 Gentoo female 209
226 Gentoo female 209
227 Gentoo female 209
228 Gentoo male 209
229 Adelie male 210
230 Gentoo female 210
231 Gentoo female 210
232 Gentoo female 210
233 Gentoo female 210
234 Gentoo female 210
235 Gentoo female 210
236 Gentoo female 210
237 Gentoo female 210
238 Gentoo female 210
239 Gentoo female 210
240 Chinstrap male 210
241 Chinstrap male 210
242 Chinstrap male 210
243 Gentoo female 211
244 Gentoo female 211
245 Gentoo female 212
246 Gentoo female 212
247 Gentoo female 212
248 Gentoo female 212
249 Gentoo female 212
250 Gentoo female 212
251 Chinstrap male 212
252 Gentoo male 213
253 Gentoo female 213
254 Gentoo female 213
255 Gentoo female 213
256 Gentoo female 213
257 Gentoo male 213
258 Gentoo female 214
259 Gentoo female 214
260 Gentoo female 214
261 Gentoo <NA> 214
262 Gentoo female 214
263 Gentoo female 214
264 Gentoo male 215
265 Gentoo male 215
266 Gentoo female 215
267 Gentoo male 215
268 Gentoo female 215
269 Gentoo male 215
270 Gentoo male 215
271 Gentoo male 215
272 Gentoo female 215
273 Gentoo female 215
274 Gentoo male 215
275 Gentoo female 215
276 Gentoo male 216
277 Gentoo <NA> 216
278 Gentoo male 216
279 Gentoo female 216
280 Gentoo female 216
281 Gentoo male 216
282 Gentoo <NA> 216
283 Gentoo female 216
284 Gentoo male 217
285 Gentoo female 217
286 Gentoo female 217
287 Gentoo female 217
288 Gentoo female 217
289 Gentoo <NA> 217
290 Gentoo male 218
291 Gentoo male 218
292 Gentoo female 218
293 Gentoo male 218
294 Gentoo female 218
295 Gentoo male 219
296 Gentoo male 219
297 Gentoo female 219
298 Gentoo female 219
299 Gentoo male 219
300 Gentoo male 220
301 Gentoo female 220
302 Gentoo male 220
303 Gentoo male 220
304 Gentoo male 220
305 Gentoo male 220
306 Gentoo female 220
307 Gentoo male 220
308 Gentoo male 221
309 Gentoo male 221
310 Gentoo male 221
311 Gentoo male 221
312 Gentoo male 221
313 Gentoo male 222
314 Gentoo male 222
315 Gentoo male 222
316 Gentoo female 222
317 Gentoo male 222
318 Gentoo male 222
319 Gentoo male 223
320 Gentoo male 223
321 Gentoo male 224
322 Gentoo male 224
323 Gentoo male 224
324 Gentoo male 225
325 Gentoo male 225
326 Gentoo male 225
327 Gentoo male 225
328 Gentoo male 226
329 Gentoo male 228
330 Gentoo male 228
331 Gentoo male 228
332 Gentoo male 228
333 Gentoo male 229
334 Gentoo male 229
335 Gentoo male 230
336 Gentoo male 230
337 Gentoo male 230
338 Gentoo male 230
339 Gentoo male 230
340 Gentoo male 230
341 Gentoo male 230
342 Gentoo male 231
343 Adelie <NA> NA
344 Gentoo <NA> NA species sex flipper_len
1 Adelie female 172
2 Adelie female 174
3 Adelie female 176
4 Adelie female 178
5 Adelie male 178
6 Adelie female 178
7 Adelie <NA> 179
8 Adelie <NA> 180
9 Adelie male 180
10 Adelie male 180
11 Adelie male 180
12 Adelie female 180
13 Adelie male 181
14 Adelie female 181
15 Adelie female 181
16 Adelie female 181
17 Adelie female 181
18 Adelie female 182
19 Adelie female 182
20 Adelie male 182
21 Adelie male 183
22 Adelie female 183
23 Adelie female 184
24 Adelie male 184
25 Adelie male 184
26 Adelie female 184
27 Adelie male 184
28 Adelie male 184
29 Adelie female 184
30 Adelie female 185
31 Adelie male 185
32 Adelie female 185
33 Adelie female 185
34 Adelie female 185
35 Adelie female 185
36 Adelie female 185
37 Adelie male 185
38 Adelie female 186
39 Adelie <NA> 186
40 Adelie female 186
41 Adelie female 186
42 Adelie female 186
43 Adelie male 186
44 Adelie female 186
45 Adelie female 187
46 Adelie female 187
47 Adelie female 187
48 Adelie female 187
49 Adelie female 187
50 Adelie female 187
51 Adelie female 187
52 Adelie female 187
53 Adelie male 187
54 Adelie female 187
55 Adelie female 188
56 Adelie male 188
57 Adelie male 188
58 Adelie female 188
59 Adelie female 188
60 Adelie female 189
61 Adelie female 189
62 Adelie female 189
63 Adelie male 189
64 Adelie female 189
65 Adelie male 189
66 Adelie male 190
67 Adelie <NA> 190
68 Adelie male 190
69 Adelie male 190
70 Adelie female 190
71 Adelie female 190
72 Adelie female 190
73 Adelie female 190
74 Adelie male 190
75 Adelie female 190
76 Adelie male 190
77 Adelie female 190
78 Adelie female 190
79 Adelie male 190
80 Adelie male 190
81 Adelie female 190
82 Adelie male 190
83 Adelie male 190
84 Adelie male 190
85 Adelie male 191
86 Adelie male 191
87 Adelie male 191
88 Adelie female 191
89 Adelie female 191
90 Adelie male 191
91 Adelie female 191
92 Adelie female 191
93 Adelie female 191
94 Adelie female 191
95 Adelie male 192
96 Adelie male 192
97 Adelie male 192
98 Adelie female 192
99 Adelie female 192
100 Adelie female 193
101 Adelie <NA> 193
102 Adelie male 193
103 Adelie male 193
104 Adelie female 193
105 Adelie female 193
106 Adelie female 193
107 Adelie male 193
108 Adelie female 193
109 Adelie male 193
110 Adelie male 194
111 Adelie male 194
112 Adelie male 194
113 Adelie female 195
114 Adelie male 195
115 Adelie female 195
116 Adelie female 195
117 Adelie male 195
118 Adelie male 195
119 Adelie female 195
120 Adelie male 195
121 Adelie male 195
122 Adelie male 195
123 Adelie female 195
124 Adelie male 196
125 Adelie male 196
126 Adelie female 196
127 Adelie male 196
128 Adelie male 196
129 Adelie male 196
130 Adelie male 197
131 Adelie male 197
132 Adelie male 197
133 Adelie male 197
134 Adelie male 197
135 Adelie male 198
136 Adelie male 198
137 Adelie female 198
138 Adelie male 198
139 Adelie female 199
140 Adelie male 199
141 Adelie male 199
142 Adelie male 199
143 Adelie male 200
144 Adelie male 200
145 Adelie male 201
146 Adelie female 202
147 Adelie male 202
148 Adelie male 203
149 Adelie male 205
150 Adelie male 208
151 Adelie male 210
152 Adelie <NA> NA
153 Chinstrap female 178
154 Chinstrap female 181
155 Chinstrap female 181
156 Chinstrap female 185
157 Chinstrap female 187
158 Chinstrap female 187
159 Chinstrap female 187
160 Chinstrap female 187
161 Chinstrap male 187
162 Chinstrap female 187
163 Chinstrap female 188
164 Chinstrap female 189
165 Chinstrap female 190
166 Chinstrap female 190
167 Chinstrap female 190
168 Chinstrap male 191
169 Chinstrap female 191
170 Chinstrap female 191
171 Chinstrap female 192
172 Chinstrap female 192
173 Chinstrap male 193
174 Chinstrap female 193
175 Chinstrap male 193
176 Chinstrap female 193
177 Chinstrap male 193
178 Chinstrap male 194
179 Chinstrap female 194
180 Chinstrap female 195
181 Chinstrap male 195
182 Chinstrap female 195
183 Chinstrap male 195
184 Chinstrap female 195
185 Chinstrap female 195
186 Chinstrap male 196
187 Chinstrap male 196
188 Chinstrap female 196
189 Chinstrap female 196
190 Chinstrap male 197
191 Chinstrap male 197
192 Chinstrap male 197
193 Chinstrap male 197
194 Chinstrap male 197
195 Chinstrap female 198
196 Chinstrap male 198
197 Chinstrap female 198
198 Chinstrap female 198
199 Chinstrap female 199
200 Chinstrap female 199
201 Chinstrap female 200
202 Chinstrap male 200
203 Chinstrap male 201
204 Chinstrap male 201
205 Chinstrap male 201
206 Chinstrap male 201
207 Chinstrap male 201
208 Chinstrap male 202
209 Chinstrap female 202
210 Chinstrap male 203
211 Chinstrap male 203
212 Chinstrap male 203
213 Chinstrap male 205
214 Chinstrap male 205
215 Chinstrap male 206
216 Chinstrap male 207
217 Chinstrap male 210
218 Chinstrap male 210
219 Chinstrap male 210
220 Chinstrap male 212
221 Gentoo female 203
222 Gentoo female 207
223 Gentoo female 208
224 Gentoo male 208
225 Gentoo female 208
226 Gentoo female 208
227 Gentoo female 208
228 Gentoo female 208
229 Gentoo female 208
230 Gentoo female 209
231 Gentoo female 209
232 Gentoo female 209
233 Gentoo female 209
234 Gentoo male 209
235 Gentoo female 210
236 Gentoo female 210
237 Gentoo female 210
238 Gentoo female 210
239 Gentoo female 210
240 Gentoo female 210
241 Gentoo female 210
242 Gentoo female 210
243 Gentoo female 210
244 Gentoo female 210
245 Gentoo female 211
246 Gentoo female 211
247 Gentoo female 212
248 Gentoo female 212
249 Gentoo female 212
250 Gentoo female 212
251 Gentoo female 212
252 Gentoo female 212
253 Gentoo male 213
254 Gentoo female 213
255 Gentoo female 213
256 Gentoo female 213
257 Gentoo female 213
258 Gentoo male 213
259 Gentoo female 214
260 Gentoo female 214
261 Gentoo female 214
262 Gentoo <NA> 214
263 Gentoo female 214
264 Gentoo female 214
265 Gentoo male 215
266 Gentoo male 215
267 Gentoo female 215
268 Gentoo male 215
269 Gentoo female 215
270 Gentoo male 215
271 Gentoo male 215
272 Gentoo male 215
273 Gentoo female 215
274 Gentoo female 215
275 Gentoo male 215
276 Gentoo female 215
277 Gentoo male 216
278 Gentoo <NA> 216
279 Gentoo male 216
280 Gentoo female 216
281 Gentoo female 216
282 Gentoo male 216
283 Gentoo <NA> 216
284 Gentoo female 216
285 Gentoo male 217
286 Gentoo female 217
287 Gentoo female 217
288 Gentoo female 217
289 Gentoo female 217
290 Gentoo <NA> 217
291 Gentoo male 218
292 Gentoo male 218
293 Gentoo female 218
294 Gentoo male 218
295 Gentoo female 218
296 Gentoo male 219
297 Gentoo male 219
298 Gentoo female 219
299 Gentoo female 219
300 Gentoo male 219
301 Gentoo male 220
302 Gentoo female 220
303 Gentoo male 220
304 Gentoo male 220
305 Gentoo male 220
306 Gentoo male 220
307 Gentoo female 220
308 Gentoo male 220
309 Gentoo male 221
310 Gentoo male 221
311 Gentoo male 221
312 Gentoo male 221
313 Gentoo male 221
314 Gentoo male 222
315 Gentoo male 222
316 Gentoo male 222
317 Gentoo female 222
318 Gentoo male 222
319 Gentoo male 222
320 Gentoo male 223
321 Gentoo male 223
322 Gentoo male 224
323 Gentoo male 224
324 Gentoo male 224
325 Gentoo male 225
326 Gentoo male 225
327 Gentoo male 225
328 Gentoo male 225
329 Gentoo male 226
330 Gentoo male 228
331 Gentoo male 228
332 Gentoo male 228
333 Gentoo male 228
334 Gentoo male 229
335 Gentoo male 229
336 Gentoo male 230
337 Gentoo male 230
338 Gentoo male 230
339 Gentoo male 230
340 Gentoo male 230
341 Gentoo male 230
342 Gentoo male 230
343 Gentoo male 231
344 Gentoo <NA> NA species sex flipper_len
1 Gentoo male 231
2 Gentoo male 230
3 Gentoo male 230
4 Gentoo male 230
5 Gentoo male 230
6 Gentoo male 230
7 Gentoo male 230
8 Gentoo male 230
9 Gentoo male 229
10 Gentoo male 229
11 Gentoo male 228
12 Gentoo male 228
13 Gentoo male 228
14 Gentoo male 228
15 Gentoo male 226
16 Gentoo male 225
17 Gentoo male 225
18 Gentoo male 225
19 Gentoo male 225
20 Gentoo male 224
21 Gentoo male 224
22 Gentoo male 224
23 Gentoo male 223
24 Gentoo male 223
25 Gentoo male 222
26 Gentoo male 222
27 Gentoo male 222
28 Gentoo female 222
29 Gentoo male 222
30 Gentoo male 222
31 Gentoo male 221
32 Gentoo male 221
33 Gentoo male 221
34 Gentoo male 221
35 Gentoo male 221
36 Gentoo male 220
37 Gentoo female 220
38 Gentoo male 220
39 Gentoo male 220
40 Gentoo male 220
41 Gentoo male 220
42 Gentoo female 220
43 Gentoo male 220
44 Gentoo male 219
45 Gentoo male 219
46 Gentoo female 219
47 Gentoo female 219
48 Gentoo male 219
49 Gentoo male 218
50 Gentoo male 218
51 Gentoo female 218
52 Gentoo male 218
53 Gentoo female 218
54 Gentoo male 217
55 Gentoo female 217
56 Gentoo female 217
57 Gentoo female 217
58 Gentoo female 217
59 Gentoo <NA> 217
60 Gentoo male 216
61 Gentoo <NA> 216
62 Gentoo male 216
63 Gentoo female 216
64 Gentoo female 216
65 Gentoo male 216
66 Gentoo <NA> 216
67 Gentoo female 216
68 Gentoo male 215
69 Gentoo male 215
70 Gentoo female 215
71 Gentoo male 215
72 Gentoo female 215
73 Gentoo male 215
74 Gentoo male 215
75 Gentoo male 215
76 Gentoo female 215
77 Gentoo female 215
78 Gentoo male 215
79 Gentoo female 215
80 Gentoo female 214
81 Gentoo female 214
82 Gentoo female 214
83 Gentoo <NA> 214
84 Gentoo female 214
85 Gentoo female 214
86 Gentoo male 213
87 Gentoo female 213
88 Gentoo female 213
89 Gentoo female 213
90 Gentoo female 213
91 Gentoo male 213
92 Gentoo female 212
93 Gentoo female 212
94 Gentoo female 212
95 Gentoo female 212
96 Gentoo female 212
97 Gentoo female 212
98 Chinstrap male 212
99 Gentoo female 211
100 Gentoo female 211
101 Adelie male 210
102 Gentoo female 210
103 Gentoo female 210
104 Gentoo female 210
105 Gentoo female 210
106 Gentoo female 210
107 Gentoo female 210
108 Gentoo female 210
109 Gentoo female 210
110 Gentoo female 210
111 Gentoo female 210
112 Chinstrap male 210
113 Chinstrap male 210
114 Chinstrap male 210
115 Gentoo female 209
116 Gentoo female 209
117 Gentoo female 209
118 Gentoo female 209
119 Gentoo male 209
120 Adelie male 208
121 Gentoo female 208
122 Gentoo male 208
123 Gentoo female 208
124 Gentoo female 208
125 Gentoo female 208
126 Gentoo female 208
127 Gentoo female 208
128 Gentoo female 207
129 Chinstrap male 207
130 Chinstrap male 206
131 Adelie male 205
132 Chinstrap male 205
133 Chinstrap male 205
134 Adelie male 203
135 Gentoo female 203
136 Chinstrap male 203
137 Chinstrap male 203
138 Chinstrap male 203
139 Adelie female 202
140 Adelie male 202
141 Chinstrap male 202
142 Chinstrap female 202
143 Adelie male 201
144 Chinstrap male 201
145 Chinstrap male 201
146 Chinstrap male 201
147 Chinstrap male 201
148 Chinstrap male 201
149 Adelie male 200
150 Adelie male 200
151 Chinstrap female 200
152 Chinstrap male 200
153 Adelie female 199
154 Adelie male 199
155 Adelie male 199
156 Adelie male 199
157 Chinstrap female 199
158 Chinstrap female 199
159 Adelie male 198
160 Adelie male 198
161 Adelie female 198
162 Adelie male 198
163 Chinstrap female 198
164 Chinstrap male 198
165 Chinstrap female 198
166 Chinstrap female 198
167 Adelie male 197
168 Adelie male 197
169 Adelie male 197
170 Adelie male 197
171 Adelie male 197
172 Chinstrap male 197
173 Chinstrap male 197
174 Chinstrap male 197
175 Chinstrap male 197
176 Chinstrap male 197
177 Adelie male 196
178 Adelie male 196
179 Adelie female 196
180 Adelie male 196
181 Adelie male 196
182 Adelie male 196
183 Chinstrap male 196
184 Chinstrap male 196
185 Chinstrap female 196
186 Chinstrap female 196
187 Adelie female 195
188 Adelie male 195
189 Adelie female 195
190 Adelie female 195
191 Adelie male 195
192 Adelie male 195
193 Adelie female 195
194 Adelie male 195
195 Adelie male 195
196 Adelie male 195
197 Adelie female 195
198 Chinstrap female 195
199 Chinstrap male 195
200 Chinstrap female 195
201 Chinstrap male 195
202 Chinstrap female 195
203 Chinstrap female 195
204 Adelie male 194
205 Adelie male 194
206 Adelie male 194
207 Chinstrap male 194
208 Chinstrap female 194
209 Adelie female 193
210 Adelie <NA> 193
211 Adelie male 193
212 Adelie male 193
213 Adelie female 193
214 Adelie female 193
215 Adelie female 193
216 Adelie male 193
217 Adelie female 193
218 Adelie male 193
219 Chinstrap male 193
220 Chinstrap female 193
221 Chinstrap male 193
222 Chinstrap female 193
223 Chinstrap male 193
224 Adelie male 192
225 Adelie male 192
226 Adelie male 192
227 Adelie female 192
228 Adelie female 192
229 Chinstrap female 192
230 Chinstrap female 192
231 Adelie male 191
232 Adelie male 191
233 Adelie male 191
234 Adelie female 191
235 Adelie female 191
236 Adelie male 191
237 Adelie female 191
238 Adelie female 191
239 Adelie female 191
240 Adelie female 191
241 Chinstrap male 191
242 Chinstrap female 191
243 Chinstrap female 191
244 Adelie male 190
245 Adelie <NA> 190
246 Adelie male 190
247 Adelie male 190
248 Adelie female 190
249 Adelie female 190
250 Adelie female 190
251 Adelie female 190
252 Adelie male 190
253 Adelie female 190
254 Adelie male 190
255 Adelie female 190
256 Adelie female 190
257 Adelie male 190
258 Adelie male 190
259 Adelie female 190
260 Adelie male 190
261 Adelie male 190
262 Adelie male 190
263 Chinstrap female 190
264 Chinstrap female 190
265 Chinstrap female 190
266 Adelie female 189
267 Adelie female 189
268 Adelie female 189
269 Adelie male 189
270 Adelie female 189
271 Adelie male 189
272 Chinstrap female 189
273 Adelie female 188
274 Adelie male 188
275 Adelie male 188
276 Adelie female 188
277 Adelie female 188
278 Chinstrap female 188
279 Adelie female 187
280 Adelie female 187
281 Adelie female 187
282 Adelie female 187
283 Adelie female 187
284 Adelie female 187
285 Adelie female 187
286 Adelie female 187
287 Adelie male 187
288 Adelie female 187
289 Chinstrap female 187
290 Chinstrap female 187
291 Chinstrap female 187
292 Chinstrap female 187
293 Chinstrap male 187
294 Chinstrap female 187
295 Adelie female 186
296 Adelie <NA> 186
297 Adelie female 186
298 Adelie female 186
299 Adelie female 186
300 Adelie male 186
301 Adelie female 186
302 Adelie female 185
303 Adelie male 185
304 Adelie female 185
305 Adelie female 185
306 Adelie female 185
307 Adelie female 185
308 Adelie female 185
309 Adelie male 185
310 Chinstrap female 185
311 Adelie female 184
312 Adelie male 184
313 Adelie male 184
314 Adelie female 184
315 Adelie male 184
316 Adelie male 184
317 Adelie female 184
318 Adelie male 183
319 Adelie female 183
320 Adelie female 182
321 Adelie female 182
322 Adelie male 182
323 Adelie male 181
324 Adelie female 181
325 Adelie female 181
326 Adelie female 181
327 Adelie female 181
328 Chinstrap female 181
329 Chinstrap female 181
330 Adelie <NA> 180
331 Adelie male 180
332 Adelie male 180
333 Adelie male 180
334 Adelie female 180
335 Adelie <NA> 179
336 Adelie female 178
337 Adelie male 178
338 Adelie female 178
339 Chinstrap female 178
340 Adelie female 176
341 Adelie female 174
342 Adelie female 172
343 Adelie <NA> NA
344 Gentoo <NA> NAmutate(): create and modify columns
bill_len bill_len_sq
1 39.1 1528.81
2 39.5 1560.25
3 40.3 1624.09
4 NA NA
5 36.7 1346.89
6 39.3 1544.49
7 38.9 1513.21
8 39.2 1536.64
9 34.1 1162.81
10 42.0 1764.00
11 37.8 1428.84
12 37.8 1428.84
13 41.1 1689.21
14 38.6 1489.96
15 34.6 1197.16
16 36.6 1339.56
17 38.7 1497.69
18 42.5 1806.25
19 34.4 1183.36
20 46.0 2116.00
21 37.8 1428.84
22 37.7 1421.29
23 35.9 1288.81
24 38.2 1459.24
25 38.8 1505.44
26 35.3 1246.09
27 40.6 1648.36
28 40.5 1640.25
29 37.9 1436.41
30 40.5 1640.25
31 39.5 1560.25
32 37.2 1383.84
33 39.5 1560.25
34 40.9 1672.81
35 36.4 1324.96
36 39.2 1536.64
37 38.8 1505.44
38 42.2 1780.84
39 37.6 1413.76
40 39.8 1584.04
41 36.5 1332.25
42 40.8 1664.64
43 36.0 1296.00
44 44.1 1944.81
45 37.0 1369.00
46 39.6 1568.16
47 41.1 1689.21
48 37.5 1406.25
49 36.0 1296.00
50 42.3 1789.29
51 39.6 1568.16
52 40.1 1608.01
53 35.0 1225.00
54 42.0 1764.00
55 34.5 1190.25
56 41.4 1713.96
57 39.0 1521.00
58 40.6 1648.36
59 36.5 1332.25
60 37.6 1413.76
61 35.7 1274.49
62 41.3 1705.69
63 37.6 1413.76
64 41.1 1689.21
65 36.4 1324.96
66 41.6 1730.56
67 35.5 1260.25
68 41.1 1689.21
69 35.9 1288.81
70 41.8 1747.24
71 33.5 1122.25
72 39.7 1576.09
73 39.6 1568.16
74 45.8 2097.64
75 35.5 1260.25
76 42.8 1831.84
77 40.9 1672.81
78 37.2 1383.84
79 36.2 1310.44
80 42.1 1772.41
81 34.6 1197.16
82 42.9 1840.41
83 36.7 1346.89
84 35.1 1232.01
85 37.3 1391.29
86 41.3 1705.69
87 36.3 1317.69
88 36.9 1361.61
89 38.3 1466.89
90 38.9 1513.21
91 35.7 1274.49
92 41.1 1689.21
93 34.0 1156.00
94 39.6 1568.16
95 36.2 1310.44
96 40.8 1664.64
97 38.1 1451.61
98 40.3 1624.09
99 33.1 1095.61
100 43.2 1866.24
101 35.0 1225.00
102 41.0 1681.00
103 37.7 1421.29
104 37.8 1428.84
105 37.9 1436.41
106 39.7 1576.09
107 38.6 1489.96
108 38.2 1459.24
109 38.1 1451.61
110 43.2 1866.24
111 38.1 1451.61
112 45.6 2079.36
113 39.7 1576.09
114 42.2 1780.84
115 39.6 1568.16
116 42.7 1823.29
117 38.6 1489.96
118 37.3 1391.29
119 35.7 1274.49
120 41.1 1689.21
121 36.2 1310.44
122 37.7 1421.29
123 40.2 1616.04
124 41.4 1713.96
125 35.2 1239.04
126 40.6 1648.36
127 38.8 1505.44
128 41.5 1722.25
129 39.0 1521.00
130 44.1 1944.81
131 38.5 1482.25
132 43.1 1857.61
133 36.8 1354.24
134 37.5 1406.25
135 38.1 1451.61
136 41.1 1689.21
137 35.6 1267.36
138 40.2 1616.04
139 37.0 1369.00
140 39.7 1576.09
141 40.2 1616.04
142 40.6 1648.36
143 32.1 1030.41
144 40.7 1656.49
145 37.3 1391.29
146 39.0 1521.00
147 39.2 1536.64
148 36.6 1339.56
149 36.0 1296.00
150 37.8 1428.84
151 36.0 1296.00
152 41.5 1722.25
153 46.1 2125.21
154 50.0 2500.00
155 48.7 2371.69
156 50.0 2500.00
157 47.6 2265.76
158 46.5 2162.25
159 45.4 2061.16
160 46.7 2180.89
161 43.3 1874.89
162 46.8 2190.24
163 40.9 1672.81
164 49.0 2401.00
165 45.5 2070.25
166 48.4 2342.56
167 45.8 2097.64
168 49.3 2430.49
169 42.0 1764.00
170 49.2 2420.64
171 46.2 2134.44
172 48.7 2371.69
173 50.2 2520.04
174 45.1 2034.01
175 46.5 2162.25
176 46.3 2143.69
177 42.9 1840.41
178 46.1 2125.21
179 44.5 1980.25
180 47.8 2284.84
181 48.2 2323.24
182 50.0 2500.00
183 47.3 2237.29
184 42.8 1831.84
185 45.1 2034.01
186 59.6 3552.16
187 49.1 2410.81
188 48.4 2342.56
189 42.6 1814.76
190 44.4 1971.36
191 44.0 1936.00
192 48.7 2371.69
193 42.7 1823.29
194 49.6 2460.16
195 45.3 2052.09
196 49.6 2460.16
197 50.5 2550.25
198 43.6 1900.96
199 45.5 2070.25
200 50.5 2550.25
201 44.9 2016.01
202 45.2 2043.04
203 46.6 2171.56
204 48.5 2352.25
205 45.1 2034.01
206 50.1 2510.01
207 46.5 2162.25
208 45.0 2025.00
209 43.8 1918.44
210 45.5 2070.25
211 43.2 1866.24
212 50.4 2540.16
213 45.3 2052.09
214 46.2 2134.44
215 45.7 2088.49
216 54.3 2948.49
217 45.8 2097.64
218 49.8 2480.04
219 46.2 2134.44
220 49.5 2450.25
221 43.5 1892.25
222 50.7 2570.49
223 47.7 2275.29
224 46.4 2152.96
225 48.2 2323.24
226 46.5 2162.25
227 46.4 2152.96
228 48.6 2361.96
229 47.5 2256.25
230 51.1 2611.21
231 45.2 2043.04
232 45.2 2043.04
233 49.1 2410.81
234 52.5 2756.25
235 47.4 2246.76
236 50.0 2500.00
237 44.9 2016.01
238 50.8 2580.64
239 43.4 1883.56
240 51.3 2631.69
241 47.5 2256.25
242 52.1 2714.41
243 47.5 2256.25
244 52.2 2724.84
245 45.5 2070.25
246 49.5 2450.25
247 44.5 1980.25
248 50.8 2580.64
249 49.4 2440.36
250 46.9 2199.61
251 48.4 2342.56
252 51.1 2611.21
253 48.5 2352.25
254 55.9 3124.81
255 47.2 2227.84
256 49.1 2410.81
257 47.3 2237.29
258 46.8 2190.24
259 41.7 1738.89
260 53.4 2851.56
261 43.3 1874.89
262 48.1 2313.61
263 50.5 2550.25
264 49.8 2480.04
265 43.5 1892.25
266 51.5 2652.25
267 46.2 2134.44
268 55.1 3036.01
269 44.5 1980.25
270 48.8 2381.44
271 47.2 2227.84
272 NA NA
273 46.8 2190.24
274 50.4 2540.16
275 45.2 2043.04
276 49.9 2490.01
277 46.5 2162.25
278 50.0 2500.00
279 51.3 2631.69
280 45.4 2061.16
281 52.7 2777.29
282 45.2 2043.04
283 46.1 2125.21
284 51.3 2631.69
285 46.0 2116.00
286 51.3 2631.69
287 46.6 2171.56
288 51.7 2672.89
289 47.0 2209.00
290 52.0 2704.00
291 45.9 2106.81
292 50.5 2550.25
293 50.3 2530.09
294 58.0 3364.00
295 46.4 2152.96
296 49.2 2420.64
297 42.4 1797.76
298 48.5 2352.25
299 43.2 1866.24
300 50.6 2560.36
301 46.7 2180.89
302 52.0 2704.00
303 50.5 2550.25
304 49.5 2450.25
305 46.4 2152.96
306 52.8 2787.84
307 40.9 1672.81
308 54.2 2937.64
309 42.5 1806.25
310 51.0 2601.00
311 49.7 2470.09
312 47.5 2256.25
313 47.6 2265.76
314 52.0 2704.00
315 46.9 2199.61
316 53.5 2862.25
317 49.0 2401.00
318 46.2 2134.44
319 50.9 2590.81
320 45.5 2070.25
321 50.9 2590.81
322 50.8 2580.64
323 50.1 2510.01
324 49.0 2401.00
325 51.5 2652.25
326 49.8 2480.04
327 48.1 2313.61
328 51.4 2641.96
329 45.7 2088.49
330 50.7 2570.49
331 42.5 1806.25
332 52.2 2724.84
333 45.2 2043.04
334 49.3 2430.49
335 50.2 2520.04
336 45.6 2079.36
337 51.9 2693.61
338 46.8 2190.24
339 45.7 2088.49
340 55.8 3113.64
341 43.5 1892.25
342 49.6 2460.16
343 50.8 2580.64
344 50.2 2520.04 sex flipper_len size
1 female 211 small
2 male 230 big
3 female 210 small
4 male 218 big
5 male 215 small
6 female 210 small
7 female 211 small
8 male 219 big
9 female 209 small
10 male 215 small
11 female 214 small
12 male 216 small
13 female 214 small
14 male 213 small
15 female 210 small
16 male 217 small
17 female 210 small
18 male 221 big
19 female 209 small
20 male 222 big
21 male 218 big
22 female 215 small
23 female 213 small
24 male 215 small
25 female 215 small
26 male 215 small
27 <NA> 216 small
28 male 215 small
29 female 210 small
30 male 220 big
31 male 222 big
32 female 209 small
33 female 207 small
34 male 230 big
35 female 220 big
36 male 220 big
37 female 213 small
38 male 219 big
39 female 208 small
40 male 208 small
41 female 208 small
42 male 225 big
43 female 210 small
44 male 216 small
45 male 222 big
46 female 217 small
47 female 210 small
48 male 225 big
49 female 213 small
50 male 215 small
51 female 210 small
52 male 220 big
53 female 210 small
54 male 225 big
55 female 217 small
56 male 220 big
57 female 208 small
58 male 220 big
59 female 208 small
60 male 224 big
61 female 208 small
62 male 221 big
63 female 214 small
64 male 231 big
65 female 219 big
66 male 230 big
67 <NA> 214 small
68 male 229 big
69 female 220 big
70 male 223 big
71 female 216 small
72 male 221 big
73 male 221 big
74 female 217 small
75 female 216 small
76 male 230 big
77 female 209 small
78 male 220 big
79 female 215 small
80 male 223 big
81 female 212 small
82 male 221 big
83 female 212 small
84 male 224 big
85 female 212 small
86 male 228 big
87 female 218 big
88 male 218 big
89 female 212 small
90 male 230 big
91 female 218 big
92 male 228 big
93 female 212 small
94 male 224 big
95 female 214 small
96 male 226 big
97 male 216 small
98 female 222 big
99 female 203 small
100 male 225 big
101 female 219 big
102 male 228 big
103 female 215 small
104 male 228 big
105 <NA> 216 small
106 male 215 small
107 female 210 small
108 male 219 big
109 female 208 small
110 male 209 small
111 female 216 small
112 male 229 big
113 female 213 small
114 male 230 big
115 female 217 small
116 male 230 big
117 <NA> 217 small
118 male 222 big
119 female 214 small
120 <NA> NA <NA>
121 female 215 small
122 male 222 big
123 female 212 small
124 male 213 small bill_len bill_len_cumsum
1 39.1 39.1
2 39.5 78.6
3 40.3 118.9
4 36.7 155.6
5 39.3 194.9
6 38.9 233.8
7 39.2 273.0
8 34.1 307.1
9 42.0 349.1
10 37.8 386.9
11 37.8 424.7
12 41.1 465.8
13 38.6 504.4
14 34.6 539.0
15 36.6 575.6
16 38.7 614.3
17 42.5 656.8
18 34.4 691.2
19 46.0 737.2
20 37.8 775.0
21 37.7 812.7
22 35.9 848.6
23 38.2 886.8
24 38.8 925.6
25 35.3 960.9
26 40.6 1001.5
27 40.5 1042.0
28 37.9 1079.9
29 40.5 1120.4
30 39.5 1159.9
31 37.2 1197.1
32 39.5 1236.6
33 40.9 1277.5
34 36.4 1313.9
35 39.2 1353.1
36 38.8 1391.9
37 42.2 1434.1
38 37.6 1471.7
39 39.8 1511.5
40 36.5 1548.0
41 40.8 1588.8
42 36.0 1624.8
43 44.1 1668.9
44 37.0 1705.9
45 39.6 1745.5
46 41.1 1786.6
47 37.5 1824.1
48 36.0 1860.1
49 42.3 1902.4
50 39.6 1942.0
51 40.1 1982.1
52 35.0 2017.1
53 42.0 2059.1
54 34.5 2093.6
55 41.4 2135.0
56 39.0 2174.0
57 40.6 2214.6
58 36.5 2251.1
59 37.6 2288.7
60 35.7 2324.4
61 41.3 2365.7
62 37.6 2403.3
63 41.1 2444.4
64 36.4 2480.8
65 41.6 2522.4
66 35.5 2557.9
67 41.1 2599.0
68 35.9 2634.9
69 41.8 2676.7
70 33.5 2710.2
71 39.7 2749.9
72 39.6 2789.5
73 45.8 2835.3
74 35.5 2870.8
75 42.8 2913.6
76 40.9 2954.5
77 37.2 2991.7
78 36.2 3027.9
79 42.1 3070.0
80 34.6 3104.6
81 42.9 3147.5
82 36.7 3184.2
83 35.1 3219.3
84 37.3 3256.6
85 41.3 3297.9
86 36.3 3334.2
87 36.9 3371.1
88 38.3 3409.4
89 38.9 3448.3
90 35.7 3484.0
91 41.1 3525.1
92 34.0 3559.1
93 39.6 3598.7
94 36.2 3634.9
95 40.8 3675.7
96 38.1 3713.8
97 40.3 3754.1
98 33.1 3787.2
99 43.2 3830.4
100 35.0 3865.4
101 41.0 3906.4
102 37.7 3944.1
103 37.8 3981.9
104 37.9 4019.8
105 39.7 4059.5
106 38.6 4098.1
107 38.2 4136.3
108 38.1 4174.4
109 43.2 4217.6
110 38.1 4255.7
111 45.6 4301.3
112 39.7 4341.0
113 42.2 4383.2
114 39.6 4422.8
115 42.7 4465.5
116 38.6 4504.1
117 37.3 4541.4
118 35.7 4577.1
119 41.1 4618.2
120 36.2 4654.4
121 37.7 4692.1
122 40.2 4732.3
123 41.4 4773.7
124 35.2 4808.9
125 40.6 4849.5
126 38.8 4888.3
127 41.5 4929.8
128 39.0 4968.8
129 44.1 5012.9
130 38.5 5051.4
131 43.1 5094.5
132 36.8 5131.3
133 37.5 5168.8
134 38.1 5206.9
135 41.1 5248.0
136 35.6 5283.6
137 40.2 5323.8
138 37.0 5360.8
139 39.7 5400.5
140 40.2 5440.7
141 40.6 5481.3
142 32.1 5513.4
143 40.7 5554.1
144 37.3 5591.4
145 39.0 5630.4
146 39.2 5669.6
147 36.6 5706.2
148 36.0 5742.2
149 37.8 5780.0
150 36.0 5816.0
151 41.5 5857.5
152 46.1 5903.6
153 50.0 5953.6
154 48.7 6002.3
155 50.0 6052.3
156 47.6 6099.9
157 46.5 6146.4
158 45.4 6191.8
159 46.7 6238.5
160 43.3 6281.8
161 46.8 6328.6
162 40.9 6369.5
163 49.0 6418.5
164 45.5 6464.0
165 48.4 6512.4
166 45.8 6558.2
167 49.3 6607.5
168 42.0 6649.5
169 49.2 6698.7
170 46.2 6744.9
171 48.7 6793.6
172 50.2 6843.8
173 45.1 6888.9
174 46.5 6935.4
175 46.3 6981.7
176 42.9 7024.6
177 46.1 7070.7
178 44.5 7115.2
179 47.8 7163.0
180 48.2 7211.2
181 50.0 7261.2
182 47.3 7308.5
183 42.8 7351.3
184 45.1 7396.4
185 59.6 7456.0
186 49.1 7505.1
187 48.4 7553.5
188 42.6 7596.1
189 44.4 7640.5
190 44.0 7684.5
191 48.7 7733.2
192 42.7 7775.9
193 49.6 7825.5
194 45.3 7870.8
195 49.6 7920.4
196 50.5 7970.9
197 43.6 8014.5
198 45.5 8060.0
199 50.5 8110.5
200 44.9 8155.4
201 45.2 8200.6
202 46.6 8247.2
203 48.5 8295.7
204 45.1 8340.8
205 50.1 8390.9
206 46.5 8437.4
207 45.0 8482.4
208 43.8 8526.2
209 45.5 8571.7
210 43.2 8614.9
211 50.4 8665.3
212 45.3 8710.6
213 46.2 8756.8
214 45.7 8802.5
215 54.3 8856.8
216 45.8 8902.6
217 49.8 8952.4
218 46.2 8998.6
219 49.5 9048.1
220 43.5 9091.6
221 50.7 9142.3
222 47.7 9190.0
223 46.4 9236.4
224 48.2 9284.6
225 46.5 9331.1
226 46.4 9377.5
227 48.6 9426.1
228 47.5 9473.6
229 51.1 9524.7
230 45.2 9569.9
231 45.2 9615.1
232 49.1 9664.2
233 52.5 9716.7
234 47.4 9764.1
235 50.0 9814.1
236 44.9 9859.0
237 50.8 9909.8
238 43.4 9953.2
239 51.3 10004.5
240 47.5 10052.0
241 52.1 10104.1
242 47.5 10151.6
243 52.2 10203.8
244 45.5 10249.3
245 49.5 10298.8
246 44.5 10343.3
247 50.8 10394.1
248 49.4 10443.5
249 46.9 10490.4
250 48.4 10538.8
251 51.1 10589.9
252 48.5 10638.4
253 55.9 10694.3
254 47.2 10741.5
255 49.1 10790.6
256 47.3 10837.9
257 46.8 10884.7
258 41.7 10926.4
259 53.4 10979.8
260 43.3 11023.1
261 48.1 11071.2
262 50.5 11121.7
263 49.8 11171.5
264 43.5 11215.0
265 51.5 11266.5
266 46.2 11312.7
267 55.1 11367.8
268 44.5 11412.3
269 48.8 11461.1
270 47.2 11508.3
271 46.8 11555.1
272 50.4 11605.5
273 45.2 11650.7
274 49.9 11700.6
275 46.5 11747.1
276 50.0 11797.1
277 51.3 11848.4
278 45.4 11893.8
279 52.7 11946.5
280 45.2 11991.7
281 46.1 12037.8
282 51.3 12089.1
283 46.0 12135.1
284 51.3 12186.4
285 46.6 12233.0
286 51.7 12284.7
287 47.0 12331.7
288 52.0 12383.7
289 45.9 12429.6
290 50.5 12480.1
291 50.3 12530.4
292 58.0 12588.4
293 46.4 12634.8
294 49.2 12684.0
295 42.4 12726.4
296 48.5 12774.9
297 43.2 12818.1
298 50.6 12868.7
299 46.7 12915.4
300 52.0 12967.4
301 50.5 13017.9
302 49.5 13067.4
303 46.4 13113.8
304 52.8 13166.6
305 40.9 13207.5
306 54.2 13261.7
307 42.5 13304.2
308 51.0 13355.2
309 49.7 13404.9
310 47.5 13452.4
311 47.6 13500.0
312 52.0 13552.0
313 46.9 13598.9
314 53.5 13652.4
315 49.0 13701.4
316 46.2 13747.6
317 50.9 13798.5
318 45.5 13844.0
319 50.9 13894.9
320 50.8 13945.7
321 50.1 13995.8
322 49.0 14044.8
323 51.5 14096.3
324 49.8 14146.1
325 48.1 14194.2
326 51.4 14245.6
327 45.7 14291.3
328 50.7 14342.0
329 42.5 14384.5
330 52.2 14436.7
331 45.2 14481.9
332 49.3 14531.2
333 50.2 14581.4
334 45.6 14627.0
335 51.9 14678.9
336 46.8 14725.7
337 45.7 14771.4
338 55.8 14827.2
339 43.5 14870.7
340 49.6 14920.3
341 50.8 14971.1
342 50.2 15021.3summarise(): reduces multiple values down to a single summary
species sex mean
1 Adelie male 4043.493
2 Adelie female 3368.836
3 Gentoo female 4679.741
4 Gentoo male 5484.836
5 Chinstrap female 3527.206
6 Chinstrap male 3938.971# A tibble: 6 × 3
species sex mean
<fct> <fct> <dbl>
1 Adelie female 3369.
2 Adelie male 4043.
3 Chinstrap female 3527.
4 Chinstrap male 3939.
5 Gentoo female 4680.
6 Gentoo male 5485.Your turn!
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